By Charles Morgan and Hubert Walker for CoinWeek Notes …..
The Sheldon Scale (or Sheldon Grading Scale) is a 70-point numerical grading system for evaluating the condition of both circulating and non-circulating coins, ranging from Poor (P-1) to Mint State (MS-70) or Proof (PR/PF-70). It replaced the less precise (and often idiosyncratic) adjectival system that preceded it.
The scale was first conceptualized in 1949 and later adapted from U.S. large cent specialist Dr. William H. Sheldon’s pricing guide published in his book Penny Whimsy. In Penny Whimsy, Sheldon presented his observations on the relationship between the condition and the value of 1794 Liberty Cap Cents. However, like much of Sheldon’s work, the original scale and its underlying premise were considered pseudoscientific by some, and its application to just 1794 cents and their values at the time of the book’s publication.
Troubled numismatist Walter Breen, a close associate of Sheldon’s and a contributor to the formula used in Penny Whimsy, expressed concerns that the scale was irrational and not designed to be applied to any other coin series. He also found it unnecessarily complex.
Despite these limitations, the coin market was seeking greater clarity in coin grading, and dealers saw the potential for a universal grading system in Sheldon’s work. By the mis-1970s, dealers began to blend adjectival grades with numerical grades from the Sheldon Scale. Dealer Abe Kosoff was one of the first professional numismatists to openly adopt the Sheldon Scale for coins beyond early U.S. copper coins.
The American Numismatic Association (ANA) officially adopted the Sheldon Numerical Grading Scale in a controversial move in 1977 after the Board of Governors agreed to produce The Official ANA Grading Standards of U.S. Coins with Western Publishing. The ANA Certification Service (ANACS) used the scale to grade coins. After receiving criticism from many of its members, the ANA Board of Governors voted to retain the grading system at the 1982 ANA Convention held in Boston, Massachusetts.
The 70-point Sheldon Grading Scale was further institutionalized in 1986 with the founding of Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS), and in 1987 with the founding of Numismatic Guarantee Corporation (later Company), or NGC. Today, more than 100 million coins have been encapsulated using the 70-point grading scale, although numerous improvements to the system have been made over the years, including the addition of star and plus grades.
What Do the Grades in the Sheldon Scale Mean?
Grades 01 to 58 describe the stages of wear from Poor (P) (only enough detail remaining to identify the coin’s type and date) to About Uncirculated (AU) 58 (only the slightest amount of wear on the coin’s high points with all detail visible).
Grades 60 to 70 denote that a coin is in Mint State (MS), with the lowest grade, 60, being reserved for Mint State coins with significant issues (such as weak strikes, heavy bag marks, hairlines, or significant breaks in luster).
These issues are reduced as the grading scale advances to 70, with MS70 denoting a coin with no post-production flaws or abrasions visible under 5x magnification.
The Sheldon Scale – Grade by Grade
PO-1 – Poor
Nearly all of a coin’s details have been worn flat in the grade of Poor. Enough detail exists to identify the date, the type of coin, and sometimes the mintmark.
FR-2 – Fair
In Fair, additional detail is apparent, but most of the design is worn flat. The rims are worn flat.
AG-3 – About Good
Main features are outlined, but no hair or feather details will be evident. The rim is worn, and the legends can be partially visible. LIBERTY will be at least partially visible.
G-4 – Good (4)
Good coins have legible dates and inscriptions and reveal only the outline of the other devices. Some details may be visible.
G-6 – Choice Good
Good-6, being slightly better than Good-4, reveals mostly flattened devices with some remnants of visible detail.
VG-8 – Very Good
A Very Good-8 coin is better than Good but not quite Fine. These coins exhibit complete inscriptions and some details on the devices. About half of the secondary detail is worn off.
VG-10 – Choice Very Good
In Very Good-10, hair and face detail may be partially visible. The rims are full, and the inscriptions are complete.
F-12 – Fine
In Fine-12, half of the coin’s detail should be visible. For example, the visible detail on the Liberty Seated Half Dollar (pictured above) will typically be on the gown and the eagle’s feathers. All lettering will be visible.
F-15 – Choice Fine
In Very Fine-15, more than half but less than 2/3 of the design details will be visible. All inscriptions will be clearly visible and sharp.
VF-20 – Very Fine
About 2/3 of the detail is visible on the coin at Very Fine-20. Inscriptions will be visible and sharp. On a coin like the Buffalo Nickel, with its thin inscriptions, some distortion on the letters is expected. The buffalo’s horn will usually be visible.
VF-25 – Very Fine (25)
In Very Fine-25, the hair will be worn, but more than 2/3 of the details will be visible. Wear will be apparent throughout the coin, but key details are easily identifiable.
VF-30 – Choice Very Fine
Even worn throughout, with more than 2/3 of the details visible. What differentiates Very Fine-30 from Very Fine-25 is the overall eye appeal of the coin, given its circulated state.
VF-35 – Choice Very Fine (35)
In Very Fine-35, most of the design detail will be visible, although the high points will show even wear throughout. Rims, denticles, and inscriptions will be sharp.
EF-40 – Extra Fine
Light wear will be present throughout on coins graded Extra Fine-40. Typically, this wear will be on the high points of the relief, like the center of the eagle’s breast in the image above. Light wear on the wreath will be present, and some finer details may be worn.
EF-45 – Choice Extra Fine
In Extra Fine-45, light wear is visible on the highest points of the relief. Other design details will be clearly defined. Coins may have dull surfaces or appear slightly “dirty” from use.
AU-50 – About Uncirculated
An AU50 coin will be missing between 50% and 100% of its original mint luster. Most of the coin’s details will remain, but wear will be obvious to the naked eye.
AU-53 – About Uncirculated (53)
Light wear on the coin’s highest spots and luster disturbances cover most of the coin.
AU-55 – Choice About Uncirculated
Light wear will be present on the coin’s highest spots, but most of the coin’s luster is intact.
AU-58 – Choice About Uncirculated (58)
A coin showing only the slightest evidence of wear, typically on areas of highest relief. The coin will have 90% of its luster intact and may appear uncirculated except under certain lighting conditions.
MS-60 – Typical Mint State
A coin in Mint State-60 is strictly uncirculated with no signs of wear. Heavy marks will be present on the coin due to incidental contact with other coins after production. Occasionally coins graded MS60 will show signs of an old cleaning that falls within market acceptable tolerances. It is not unusual for a coin graded AU58 to have better eye appeal than a coin graded MS60.
MS-61 – Typical Mint State
A coin graded MS61 will have numerous marks. In addition to marks, graders look for hairlines and other signs of an old cleaning, as long as these fall within market-acceptable tolerances. The strike quality of the coin at this level is often weak, with poor luster and below-average eye appeal.
MS-62 – Typical Mint State
Hits and hairlines will be visible on coins graded MS62. For larger coins, these hits may appear in focal areas. The strike can be weak to full as can the luster. In MS62, some issues, be it hits or weaknesses of luster, inform the grade.
MS-63 – Choice Mint State
Numerous small marks will be present on coins graded MS63. This grade is considered Choice Mint State and a step up from the typical Mint State coins of MS60 to MS62. The fields on MS63 coins will be relatively clean, and in many cases, MS63 coins can have attractive qualities that are impaired only by some minor issues.
MS-64 – Choice Mint State
This in-between grade was conceived as way to split the difference between MS63 (Choice) and MS65 (Gem). A few minor issues, or one or two significant ones, may be present. Eye appeal will usually be good, and the surfaces will exhibit minimal hairlines.
MS-65 – Gem Mint State
When the third-party grading services began operation in the mid-1980s, the grade MS65 was more highly regarded than it is today. The first of the Gem grades, coins in MS65 will exhibit only slight defects and an occasional scattered mark, though generally not in focal areas. Gems should be well-struck coins with average or better luster. Spotting is permitted on copper coins, as long as it is minor.
MS-66 – Gem Mint State
Defects will be minimal on coins graded MS66. In the image above, a small tick is visible behind Liberty’s eye, and another minor hit is apparent near the top of the first three feathers. The coin is clean of defects elsewhere, save a scattered copper spot here or there. MS66 coins will have above average or better eye appeal.
MS-67 – Superb Gem Mint State
MS67 is considered a superior uncirculated grade with minimal marks or distracting features. Any hits at this grade will be very light and hidden. In the case of larger coins, these flaws may be present in the unprotected areas of the field. In some instances, one of two hits in a focal area on an otherwise pristine coin may permit a coin to be graded MS67.
MS-68 – Superb Gem Mint State
MS68 coins are typically free of distracting imperfections or flaws, except for modern commemorative or bullion coins, which may look poor because their surfaces are typically flawless. The strike will be sharp and the coin will have superior eye appeal.
MS-69 – Near-Perfect Mint State
A coin graded MS69 will be nearly perfect with only the slightest flaws. These flaws may only be visible under magnification. In the case of a large coin, like the American Silver Eagle, some MS69 coins will appear to the untrained numismatist to be virtually indistinguishable from MS70 coins.
MS-70 – “Perfect” Mint State
Coins graded MS70 is perfect as struck and will exhibit no flaws, or Mint-made defects under magnification up to five times. Typically only seen on ultra-modern coins, bullion coins, and commemorative issues.
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